The different types of British woodlands

Woodland isn’t just a collection of trees. Across the UK, we are lucky to have different types of woodlands and it is vital to understand which type you have in order to ensure that the woodland is managed appropriately, depending on your objectives, whether they are for habitat, biodiversity, as a seed stand, for amenity and recreation or for timber production.

In this article we outline the most common types of woodland classification across the UK and how to identify them.

Types of Woodland in Britain

1. Ancient Woodland

Ancient woodlands are areas that have existed continuously since at least 1600 in England, or 1750 in Scotland. They support a complex ecosystem with a rich diversity of flora and fauna. The soil is typically nutrient-rich, which allows for various species of plants, some of which may be rare or uncommon. Ancient woodlands often exhibit unique ground flora and are critical for biodiversity conservation. They will primarily be made up of native broadleaves, but may have a mix of broadleaf and conifer.

2. Semi-Natural Woodland

Semi-natural woodlands are typically composed of native tree species and may originate from ancient woodlands but have been influenced by human activity. More often than not, they will be plantations of conifer species, planted after the World Wars to replace the significant loss of trees required to support the war efforts. However, they can include plantations of native trees and regardless of current formation, these woodlands provide valuable habitats and are essential for maintaining biodiversity.

3. Plantation Woodland

Plantation woodlands are areas where trees have been deliberately planted for timber production or other purposes. They can be formed of native or non-native species. While often less diverse than semi-natural woodlands, they can promote biodiversity through careful management. These woodlands can serve as vital resources for timber and other forest products.

4. Mixed Woodland

Mixed woodlands consist of a combination of broadleaved (deciduous) and coniferous (evergreen) tree species. They offer a varied habitat, supporting a broader range of wildlife than pure coniferous plantations. The diversity in tree species can enhance the resilience of the ecosystem, making it more adaptable to pests and diseases. They can either be planted in blocks of species, or what is known as intimate mix, where the species are mixed together.

5. Wood-Pasture

Wood-pasture systems combine trees with grazing livestock. These ecosystems are often characterised by veteran trees, which provide habitats for numerous species (think National Trust parkland). They hold great ecological value and support a wide range of species due to their mixed habitats, allowing for both tree cover and open grazing land. Management involves maintaining tree health while ensuring grazing levels are sustainable.

6. Wet Woodland

Wet woodlands are found in areas where the soil remains waterlogged for at least part of the year. These woodlands typically consist of species that thrive in moist conditions, such as willow, alder and birch. They play an important role in flood mitigation, water purification, and biodiversity by serving as vital habitats for amphibians, birds and invertebrates.

7. Upland Woodland

Predominantly found in the northern and western regions of Britain, upland woodlands are typically situated at higher altitudes. Species in these woodlands are often adapted to harsher climates, including wind and cooler temperatures. Functions include providing habitats for diverse wildlife, as well as contributing to soil stabilisation and erosion control.

8. Coastal Woodland

Coastal woodlands are located in marine environments and are subject to salt spray and high winds. These woodlands often feature hardy species such as hawthorn and blackthorn. Their unique positioning allows them to play a crucial role in coastal conservation, protecting shorelines from erosion and providing habitats for wildlife.

9. Lowland Mixed Woodland

Lowland mixed woodland features diverse tree species thriving in fertile soils of valleys. It includes both broadleaved and coniferous trees, supporting various flora and fauna. Planning for these woodlands involves considering local soil types, climate, and biodiversity goals. Common species are oak, ash, hazel, Scots pine, and Douglas fir, which enhance both biodiversity and timber resources.

Conclusion

Understanding the different types of woodland across Britain is essential for effective management and conservation strategies. Each woodland type presents unique challenges and benefits, and their preservation ensures the continuity of biodiversity and ecosystem services they provide.

Contact us for more information about how we undertake woodland management plans and management activities.